diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | include/linux/mmzone.h | 5 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | include/linux/swap.h | 5 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | mm/Makefile | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | mm/filemap.c | 61 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | mm/swap.c | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | mm/vmscan.c | 24 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | mm/vmstat.c | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | mm/workingset.c | 253 |
8 files changed, 331 insertions, 23 deletions
diff --git a/include/linux/mmzone.h b/include/linux/mmzone.h index 9b61b9bf81ac..f25db1d74a21 100644 --- a/include/linux/mmzone.h +++ b/include/linux/mmzone.h @@ -142,6 +142,8 @@ enum zone_stat_item { NUMA_LOCAL, /* allocation from local node */ NUMA_OTHER, /* allocation from other node */ #endif + WORKINGSET_REFAULT, + WORKINGSET_ACTIVATE, NR_ANON_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGES, NR_FREE_CMA_PAGES, NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS }; @@ -392,6 +394,9 @@ struct zone { spinlock_t lru_lock; struct lruvec lruvec; + /* Evictions & activations on the inactive file list */ + atomic_long_t inactive_age; + unsigned long pages_scanned; /* since last reclaim */ unsigned long flags; /* zone flags, see below */ diff --git a/include/linux/swap.h b/include/linux/swap.h index 46ba0c6c219f..b83cf61403ed 100644 --- a/include/linux/swap.h +++ b/include/linux/swap.h @@ -260,6 +260,11 @@ struct swap_list_t { int next; /* swapfile to be used next */ }; +/* linux/mm/workingset.c */ +void *workingset_eviction(struct address_space *mapping, struct page *page); +bool workingset_refault(void *shadow); +void workingset_activation(struct page *page); + /* linux/mm/page_alloc.c */ extern unsigned long totalram_pages; extern unsigned long totalreserve_pages; diff --git a/mm/Makefile b/mm/Makefile index 310c90a09264..cdd741519ee0 100644 --- a/mm/Makefile +++ b/mm/Makefile @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ obj-y := filemap.o mempool.o oom_kill.o fadvise.o \ util.o mmzone.o vmstat.o backing-dev.o \ mm_init.o mmu_context.o percpu.o slab_common.o \ compaction.o balloon_compaction.o \ - interval_tree.o list_lru.o $(mmu-y) + interval_tree.o list_lru.o workingset.o $(mmu-y) obj-y += init-mm.o diff --git a/mm/filemap.c b/mm/filemap.c index 05c44aa44188..a603c4d7d3c9 100644 --- a/mm/filemap.c +++ b/mm/filemap.c @@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ int replace_page_cache_page(struct page *old, struct page *new, gfp_t gfp_mask) EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(replace_page_cache_page); static int page_cache_tree_insert(struct address_space *mapping, - struct page *page) + struct page *page, void **shadowp) { void **slot; int error; @@ -484,6 +484,8 @@ static int page_cache_tree_insert(struct address_space *mapping, radix_tree_replace_slot(slot, page); mapping->nrshadows--; mapping->nrpages++; + if (shadowp) + *shadowp = p; return 0; } error = radix_tree_insert(&mapping->page_tree, page->index, page); @@ -492,18 +494,10 @@ static int page_cache_tree_insert(struct address_space *mapping, return error; } -/** - * add_to_page_cache_locked - add a locked page to the pagecache - * @page: page to add - * @mapping: the page's address_space - * @offset: page index - * @gfp_mask: page allocation mode - * - * This function is used to add a page to the pagecache. It must be locked. - * This function does not add the page to the LRU. The caller must do that. - */ -int add_to_page_cache_locked(struct page *page, struct address_space *mapping, - pgoff_t offset, gfp_t gfp_mask) +static int __add_to_page_cache_locked(struct page *page, + struct address_space *mapping, + pgoff_t offset, gfp_t gfp_mask, + void **shadowp) { int error; @@ -526,7 +520,7 @@ int add_to_page_cache_locked(struct page *page, struct address_space *mapping, page->index = offset; spin_lock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock); - error = page_cache_tree_insert(mapping, page); + error = page_cache_tree_insert(mapping, page, shadowp); radix_tree_preload_end(); if (unlikely(error)) goto err_insert; @@ -542,16 +536,49 @@ err_insert: page_cache_release(page); return error; } + +/** + * add_to_page_cache_locked - add a locked page to the pagecache + * @page: page to add + * @mapping: the page's address_space + * @offset: page index + * @gfp_mask: page allocation mode + * + * This function is used to add a page to the pagecache. It must be locked. + * This function does not add the page to the LRU. The caller must do that. + */ +int add_to_page_cache_locked(struct page *page, struct address_space *mapping, + pgoff_t offset, gfp_t gfp_mask) +{ + return __add_to_page_cache_locked(page, mapping, offset, + gfp_mask, NULL); +} EXPORT_SYMBOL(add_to_page_cache_locked); int add_to_page_cache_lru(struct page *page, struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t offset, gfp_t gfp_mask) { + void *shadow = NULL; int ret; - ret = add_to_page_cache(page, mapping, offset, gfp_mask); - if (ret == 0) - lru_cache_add_file(page); + __set_page_locked(page); + ret = __add_to_page_cache_locked(page, mapping, offset, + gfp_mask, &shadow); + if (unlikely(ret)) + __clear_page_locked(page); + else { + /* + * The page might have been evicted from cache only + * recently, in which case it should be activated like + * any other repeatedly accessed page. + */ + if (shadow && workingset_refault(shadow)) { + SetPageActive(page); + workingset_activation(page); + } else + ClearPageActive(page); + lru_cache_add(page); + } return ret; } EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(add_to_page_cache_lru); diff --git a/mm/swap.c b/mm/swap.c index c8048d71c642..9ce43ba4498b 100644 --- a/mm/swap.c +++ b/mm/swap.c @@ -574,6 +574,8 @@ void mark_page_accessed(struct page *page) else __lru_cache_activate_page(page); ClearPageReferenced(page); + if (page_is_file_cache(page)) + workingset_activation(page); } else if (!PageReferenced(page)) { SetPageReferenced(page); } diff --git a/mm/vmscan.c b/mm/vmscan.c index 2a0bb8fdb259..1f56a80a7c41 100644 --- a/mm/vmscan.c +++ b/mm/vmscan.c @@ -523,7 +523,8 @@ static pageout_t pageout(struct page *page, struct address_space *mapping, * Same as remove_mapping, but if the page is removed from the mapping, it * gets returned with a refcount of 0. */ -static int __remove_mapping(struct address_space *mapping, struct page *page) +static int __remove_mapping(struct address_space *mapping, struct page *page, + bool reclaimed) { BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page)); BUG_ON(mapping != page_mapping(page)); @@ -569,10 +570,23 @@ static int __remove_mapping(struct address_space *mapping, struct page *page) swapcache_free(swap, page); } else { void (*freepage)(struct page *); + void *shadow = NULL; freepage = mapping->a_ops->freepage; - - __delete_from_page_cache(page, NULL); + /* + * Remember a shadow entry for reclaimed file cache in + * order to detect refaults, thus thrashing, later on. + * + * But don't store shadows in an address space that is + * already exiting. This is not just an optizimation, + * inode reclaim needs to empty out the radix tree or + * the nodes are lost. Don't plant shadows behind its + * back. + */ + if (reclaimed && page_is_file_cache(page) && + !mapping_exiting(mapping)) + shadow = workingset_eviction(mapping, page); + __delete_from_page_cache(page, shadow); spin_unlock_irq(&mapping->tree_lock); mem_cgroup_uncharge_cache_page(page); @@ -595,7 +609,7 @@ cannot_free: */ int remove_mapping(struct address_space *mapping, struct page *page) { - if (__remove_mapping(mapping, page)) { + if (__remove_mapping(mapping, page, false)) { /* * Unfreezing the refcount with 1 rather than 2 effectively * drops the pagecache ref for us without requiring another @@ -1065,7 +1079,7 @@ static unsigned long shrink_page_list(struct list_head *page_list, } } - if (!mapping || !__remove_mapping(mapping, page)) + if (!mapping || !__remove_mapping(mapping, page, true)) goto keep_locked; /* diff --git a/mm/vmstat.c b/mm/vmstat.c index def5dd2fbe61..843125a0e255 100644 --- a/mm/vmstat.c +++ b/mm/vmstat.c @@ -770,6 +770,8 @@ const char * const vmstat_text[] = { "numa_local", "numa_other", #endif + "workingset_refault", + "workingset_activate", "nr_anon_transparent_hugepages", "nr_free_cma", "nr_dirty_threshold", diff --git a/mm/workingset.c b/mm/workingset.c new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..8a6c7cff4923 --- /dev/null +++ b/mm/workingset.c @@ -0,0 +1,253 @@ +/* + * Workingset detection + * + * Copyright (C) 2013 Red Hat, Inc., Johannes Weiner + */ + +#include <linux/memcontrol.h> +#include <linux/writeback.h> +#include <linux/pagemap.h> +#include <linux/atomic.h> +#include <linux/module.h> +#include <linux/swap.h> +#include <linux/fs.h> +#include <linux/mm.h> + +/* + * Double CLOCK lists + * + * Per zone, two clock lists are maintained for file pages: the + * inactive and the active list. Freshly faulted pages start out at + * the head of the inactive list and page reclaim scans pages from the + * tail. Pages that are accessed multiple times on the inactive list + * are promoted to the active list, to protect them from reclaim, + * whereas active pages are demoted to the inactive list when the + * active list grows too big. + * + * fault ------------------------+ + * | + * +--------------+ | +-------------+ + * reclaim <- | inactive | <-+-- demotion | active | <--+ + * +--------------+ +-------------+ | + * | | + * +-------------- promotion ------------------+ + * + * + * Access frequency and refault distance + * + * A workload is thrashing when its pages are frequently used but they + * are evicted from the inactive list every time before another access + * would have promoted them to the active list. + * + * In cases where the average access distance between thrashing pages + * is bigger than the size of memory there is nothing that can be + * done - the thrashing set could never fit into memory under any + * circumstance. + * + * However, the average access distance could be bigger than the + * inactive list, yet smaller than the size of memory. In this case, + * the set could fit into memory if it weren't for the currently + * active pages - which may be used more, hopefully less frequently: + * + * +-memory available to cache-+ + * | | + * +-inactive------+-active----+ + * a b | c d e f g h i | J K L M N | + * +---------------+-----------+ + * + * It is prohibitively expensive to accurately track access frequency + * of pages. But a reasonable approximation can be made to measure + * thrashing on the inactive list, after which refaulting pages can be + * activated optimistically to compete with the existing active pages. + * + * Approximating inactive page access frequency - Observations: + * + * 1. When a page is accessed for the first time, it is added to the + * head of the inactive list, slides every existing inactive page + * towards the tail by one slot, and pushes the current tail page + * out of memory. + * + * 2. When a page is accessed for the second time, it is promoted to + * the active list, shrinking the inactive list by one slot. This + * also slides all inactive pages that were faulted into the cache + * more recently than the activated page towards the tail of the + * inactive list. + * + * Thus: + * + * 1. The sum of evictions and activations between any two points in + * time indicate the minimum number of inactive pages accessed in + * between. + * + * 2. Moving one inactive page N page slots towards the tail of the + * list requires at least N inactive page accesses. + * + * Combining these: + * + * 1. When a page is finally evicted from memory, the number of + * inactive pages accessed while the page was in cache is at least + * the number of page slots on the inactive list. + * + * 2. In addition, measuring the sum of evictions and activations (E) + * at the time of a page's eviction, and comparing it to another + * reading (R) at the time the page faults back into memory tells + * the minimum number of accesses while the page was not cached. + * This is called the refault distance. + * + * Because the first access of the page was the fault and the second + * access the refault, we combine the in-cache distance with the + * out-of-cache distance to get the complete minimum access distance + * of this page: + * + * NR_inactive + (R - E) + * + * And knowing the minimum access distance of a page, we can easily + * tell if the page would be able to stay in cache assuming all page + * slots in the cache were available: + * + * NR_inactive + (R - E) <= NR_inactive + NR_active + * + * which can be further simplified to + * + * (R - E) <= NR_active + * + * Put into words, the refault distance (out-of-cache) can be seen as + * a deficit in inactive list space (in-cache). If the inactive list + * had (R - E) more page slots, the page would not have been evicted + * in between accesses, but activated instead. And on a full system, + * the only thing eating into inactive list space is active pages. + * + * + * Activating refaulting pages + * + * All that is known about the active list is that the pages have been + * accessed more than once in the past. This means that at any given + * time there is actually a good chance that pages on the active list + * are no longer in active use. + * + * So when a refault distance of (R - E) is observed and there are at + * least (R - E) active pages, the refaulting page is activated + * optimistically in the hope that (R - E) active pages are actually + * used less frequently than the refaulting page - or even not used at + * all anymore. + * + * If this is wrong and demotion kicks in, the pages which are truly + * used more frequently will be reactivated while the less frequently + * used once will be evicted from memory. + * + * But if this is right, the stale pages will be pushed out of memory + * and the used pages get to stay in cache. + * + * + * Implementation + * + * For each zone's file LRU lists, a counter for inactive evictions + * and activations is maintained (zone->inactive_age). + * + * On eviction, a snapshot of this counter (along with some bits to + * identify the zone) is stored in the now empty page cache radix tree + * slot of the evicted page. This is called a shadow entry. + * + * On cache misses for which there are shadow entries, an eligible + * refault distance will immediately activate the refaulting page. + */ + +static void *pack_shadow(unsigned long eviction, struct zone *zone) +{ + eviction = (eviction << NODES_SHIFT) | zone_to_nid(zone); + eviction = (eviction << ZONES_SHIFT) | zone_idx(zone); + eviction = (eviction << RADIX_TREE_EXCEPTIONAL_SHIFT); + + return (void *)(eviction | RADIX_TREE_EXCEPTIONAL_ENTRY); +} + +static void unpack_shadow(void *shadow, + struct zone **zone, + unsigned long *distance) +{ + unsigned long entry = (unsigned long)shadow; + unsigned long eviction; + unsigned long refault; + unsigned long mask; + int zid, nid; + + entry >>= RADIX_TREE_EXCEPTIONAL_SHIFT; + zid = entry & ((1UL << ZONES_SHIFT) - 1); + entry >>= ZONES_SHIFT; + nid = entry & ((1UL << NODES_SHIFT) - 1); + entry >>= NODES_SHIFT; + eviction = entry; + + *zone = NODE_DATA(nid)->node_zones + zid; + + refault = atomic_long_read(&(*zone)->inactive_age); + mask = ~0UL >> (NODES_SHIFT + ZONES_SHIFT + + RADIX_TREE_EXCEPTIONAL_SHIFT); + /* + * The unsigned subtraction here gives an accurate distance + * across inactive_age overflows in most cases. + * + * There is a special case: usually, shadow entries have a + * short lifetime and are either refaulted or reclaimed along + * with the inode before they get too old. But it is not + * impossible for the inactive_age to lap a shadow entry in + * the field, which can then can result in a false small + * refault distance, leading to a false activation should this + * old entry actually refault again. However, earlier kernels + * used to deactivate unconditionally with *every* reclaim + * invocation for the longest time, so the occasional + * inappropriate activation leading to pressure on the active + * list is not a problem. + */ + *distance = (refault - eviction) & mask; +} + +/** + * workingset_eviction - note the eviction of a page from memory + * @mapping: address space the page was backing + * @page: the page being evicted + * + * Returns a shadow entry to be stored in @mapping->page_tree in place + * of the evicted @page so that a later refault can be detected. + */ +void *workingset_eviction(struct address_space *mapping, struct page *page) +{ + struct zone *zone = page_zone(page); + unsigned long eviction; + + eviction = atomic_long_inc_return(&zone->inactive_age); + return pack_shadow(eviction, zone); +} + +/** + * workingset_refault - evaluate the refault of a previously evicted page + * @shadow: shadow entry of the evicted page + * + * Calculates and evaluates the refault distance of the previously + * evicted page in the context of the zone it was allocated in. + * + * Returns %true if the page should be activated, %false otherwise. + */ +bool workingset_refault(void *shadow) +{ + unsigned long refault_distance; + struct zone *zone; + + unpack_shadow(shadow, &zone, &refault_distance); + inc_zone_state(zone, WORKINGSET_REFAULT); + + if (refault_distance <= zone_page_state(zone, NR_ACTIVE_FILE)) { + inc_zone_state(zone, WORKINGSET_ACTIVATE); + return true; + } + return false; +} + +/** + * workingset_activation - note a page activation + * @page: page that is being activated + */ +void workingset_activation(struct page *page) +{ + atomic_long_inc(&page_zone(page)->inactive_age); +} |