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Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation')
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/vm/cleancache.rst | 296 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/vm/frontswap.rst | 12 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/vm/index.rst | 1 |
3 files changed, 2 insertions, 307 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/vm/cleancache.rst b/Documentation/vm/cleancache.rst deleted file mode 100644 index 68cba9131c31..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/vm/cleancache.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,296 +0,0 @@ -.. _cleancache: - -========== -Cleancache -========== - -Motivation -========== - -Cleancache is a new optional feature provided by the VFS layer that -potentially dramatically increases page cache effectiveness for -many workloads in many environments at a negligible cost. - -Cleancache can be thought of as a page-granularity victim cache for clean -pages that the kernel's pageframe replacement algorithm (PFRA) would like -to keep around, but can't since there isn't enough memory. So when the -PFRA "evicts" a page, it first attempts to use cleancache code to -put the data contained in that page into "transcendent memory", memory -that is not directly accessible or addressable by the kernel and is -of unknown and possibly time-varying size. - -Later, when a cleancache-enabled filesystem wishes to access a page -in a file on disk, it first checks cleancache to see if it already -contains it; if it does, the page of data is copied into the kernel -and a disk access is avoided. - -Transcendent memory "drivers" for cleancache are currently implemented -in Xen (using hypervisor memory) and zcache (using in-kernel compressed -memory) and other implementations are in development. - -:ref:`FAQs <faq>` are included below. - -Implementation Overview -======================= - -A cleancache "backend" that provides transcendent memory registers itself -to the kernel's cleancache "frontend" by calling cleancache_register_ops, -passing a pointer to a cleancache_ops structure with funcs set appropriately. -The functions provided must conform to certain semantics as follows: - -Most important, cleancache is "ephemeral". Pages which are copied into -cleancache have an indefinite lifetime which is completely unknowable -by the kernel and so may or may not still be in cleancache at any later time. -Thus, as its name implies, cleancache is not suitable for dirty pages. -Cleancache has complete discretion over what pages to preserve and what -pages to discard and when. - -Mounting a cleancache-enabled filesystem should call "init_fs" to obtain a -pool id which, if positive, must be saved in the filesystem's superblock; -a negative return value indicates failure. A "put_page" will copy a -(presumably about-to-be-evicted) page into cleancache and associate it with -the pool id, a file key, and a page index into the file. (The combination -of a pool id, a file key, and an index is sometimes called a "handle".) -A "get_page" will copy the page, if found, from cleancache into kernel memory. -An "invalidate_page" will ensure the page no longer is present in cleancache; -an "invalidate_inode" will invalidate all pages associated with the specified -file; and, when a filesystem is unmounted, an "invalidate_fs" will invalidate -all pages in all files specified by the given pool id and also surrender -the pool id. - -An "init_shared_fs", like init_fs, obtains a pool id but tells cleancache -to treat the pool as shared using a 128-bit UUID as a key. On systems -that may run multiple kernels (such as hard partitioned or virtualized -systems) that may share a clustered filesystem, and where cleancache -may be shared among those kernels, calls to init_shared_fs that specify the -same UUID will receive the same pool id, thus allowing the pages to -be shared. Note that any security requirements must be imposed outside -of the kernel (e.g. by "tools" that control cleancache). Or a -cleancache implementation can simply disable shared_init by always -returning a negative value. - -If a get_page is successful on a non-shared pool, the page is invalidated -(thus making cleancache an "exclusive" cache). On a shared pool, the page -is NOT invalidated on a successful get_page so that it remains accessible to -other sharers. The kernel is responsible for ensuring coherency between -cleancache (shared or not), the page cache, and the filesystem, using -cleancache invalidate operations as required. - -Note that cleancache must enforce put-put-get coherency and get-get -coherency. For the former, if two puts are made to the same handle but -with different data, say AAA by the first put and BBB by the second, a -subsequent get can never return the stale data (AAA). For get-get coherency, -if a get for a given handle fails, subsequent gets for that handle will -never succeed unless preceded by a successful put with that handle. - -Last, cleancache provides no SMP serialization guarantees; if two -different Linux threads are simultaneously putting and invalidating a page -with the same handle, the results are indeterminate. Callers must -lock the page to ensure serial behavior. - -Cleancache Performance Metrics -============================== - -If properly configured, monitoring of cleancache is done via debugfs in -the `/sys/kernel/debug/cleancache` directory. The effectiveness of cleancache -can be measured (across all filesystems) with: - -``succ_gets`` - number of gets that were successful - -``failed_gets`` - number of gets that failed - -``puts`` - number of puts attempted (all "succeed") - -``invalidates`` - number of invalidates attempted - -A backend implementation may provide additional metrics. - -.. _faq: - -FAQ -=== - -* Where's the value? (Andrew Morton) - -Cleancache provides a significant performance benefit to many workloads -in many environments with negligible overhead by improving the -effectiveness of the pagecache. Clean pagecache pages are -saved in transcendent memory (RAM that is otherwise not directly -addressable to the kernel); fetching those pages later avoids "refaults" -and thus disk reads. - -Cleancache (and its sister code "frontswap") provide interfaces for -this transcendent memory (aka "tmem"), which conceptually lies between -fast kernel-directly-addressable RAM and slower DMA/asynchronous devices. -Disallowing direct kernel or userland reads/writes to tmem -is ideal when data is transformed to a different form and size (such -as with compression) or secretly moved (as might be useful for write- -balancing for some RAM-like devices). Evicted page-cache pages (and -swap pages) are a great use for this kind of slower-than-RAM-but-much- -faster-than-disk transcendent memory, and the cleancache (and frontswap) -"page-object-oriented" specification provides a nice way to read and -write -- and indirectly "name" -- the pages. - -In the virtual case, the whole point of virtualization is to statistically -multiplex physical resources across the varying demands of multiple -virtual machines. This is really hard to do with RAM and efforts to -do it well with no kernel change have essentially failed (except in some -well-publicized special-case workloads). Cleancache -- and frontswap -- -with a fairly small impact on the kernel, provide a huge amount -of flexibility for more dynamic, flexible RAM multiplexing. -Specifically, the Xen Transcendent Memory backend allows otherwise -"fallow" hypervisor-owned RAM to not only be "time-shared" between multiple -virtual machines, but the pages can be compressed and deduplicated to -optimize RAM utilization. And when guest OS's are induced to surrender -underutilized RAM (e.g. with "self-ballooning"), page cache pages -are the first to go, and cleancache allows those pages to be -saved and reclaimed if overall host system memory conditions allow. - -And the identical interface used for cleancache can be used in -physical systems as well. The zcache driver acts as a memory-hungry -device that stores pages of data in a compressed state. And -the proposed "RAMster" driver shares RAM across multiple physical -systems. - -* Why does cleancache have its sticky fingers so deep inside the - filesystems and VFS? (Andrew Morton and Christoph Hellwig) - -The core hooks for cleancache in VFS are in most cases a single line -and the minimum set are placed precisely where needed to maintain -coherency (via cleancache_invalidate operations) between cleancache, -the page cache, and disk. All hooks compile into nothingness if -cleancache is config'ed off and turn into a function-pointer- -compare-to-NULL if config'ed on but no backend claims the ops -functions, or to a compare-struct-element-to-negative if a -backend claims the ops functions but a filesystem doesn't enable -cleancache. - -Some filesystems are built entirely on top of VFS and the hooks -in VFS are sufficient, so don't require an "init_fs" hook; the -initial implementation of cleancache didn't provide this hook. -But for some filesystems (such as btrfs), the VFS hooks are -incomplete and one or more hooks in fs-specific code are required. -And for some other filesystems, such as tmpfs, cleancache may -be counterproductive. So it seemed prudent to require a filesystem -to "opt in" to use cleancache, which requires adding a hook in -each filesystem. Not all filesystems are supported by cleancache -only because they haven't been tested. The existing set should -be sufficient to validate the concept, the opt-in approach means -that untested filesystems are not affected, and the hooks in the -existing filesystems should make it very easy to add more -filesystems in the future. - -The total impact of the hooks to existing fs and mm files is only -about 40 lines added (not counting comments and blank lines). - -* Why not make cleancache asynchronous and batched so it can more - easily interface with real devices with DMA instead of copying each - individual page? (Minchan Kim) - -The one-page-at-a-time copy semantics simplifies the implementation -on both the frontend and backend and also allows the backend to -do fancy things on-the-fly like page compression and -page deduplication. And since the data is "gone" (copied into/out -of the pageframe) before the cleancache get/put call returns, -a great deal of race conditions and potential coherency issues -are avoided. While the interface seems odd for a "real device" -or for real kernel-addressable RAM, it makes perfect sense for -transcendent memory. - -* Why is non-shared cleancache "exclusive"? And where is the - page "invalidated" after a "get"? (Minchan Kim) - -The main reason is to free up space in transcendent memory and -to avoid unnecessary cleancache_invalidate calls. If you want inclusive, -the page can be "put" immediately following the "get". If -put-after-get for inclusive becomes common, the interface could -be easily extended to add a "get_no_invalidate" call. - -The invalidate is done by the cleancache backend implementation. - -* What's the performance impact? - -Performance analysis has been presented at OLS'09 and LCA'10. -Briefly, performance gains can be significant on most workloads, -especially when memory pressure is high (e.g. when RAM is -overcommitted in a virtual workload); and because the hooks are -invoked primarily in place of or in addition to a disk read/write, -overhead is negligible even in worst case workloads. Basically -cleancache replaces I/O with memory-copy-CPU-overhead; on older -single-core systems with slow memory-copy speeds, cleancache -has little value, but in newer multicore machines, especially -consolidated/virtualized machines, it has great value. - -* How do I add cleancache support for filesystem X? (Boaz Harrash) - -Filesystems that are well-behaved and conform to certain -restrictions can utilize cleancache simply by making a call to -cleancache_init_fs at mount time. Unusual, misbehaving, or -poorly layered filesystems must either add additional hooks -and/or undergo extensive additional testing... or should just -not enable the optional cleancache. - -Some points for a filesystem to consider: - - - The FS should be block-device-based (e.g. a ram-based FS such - as tmpfs should not enable cleancache) - - To ensure coherency/correctness, the FS must ensure that all - file removal or truncation operations either go through VFS or - add hooks to do the equivalent cleancache "invalidate" operations - - To ensure coherency/correctness, either inode numbers must - be unique across the lifetime of the on-disk file OR the - FS must provide an "encode_fh" function. - - The FS must call the VFS superblock alloc and deactivate routines - or add hooks to do the equivalent cleancache calls done there. - - To maximize performance, all pages fetched from the FS should - go through the do_mpag_readpage routine or the FS should add - hooks to do the equivalent (cf. btrfs) - - Currently, the FS blocksize must be the same as PAGESIZE. This - is not an architectural restriction, but no backends currently - support anything different. - - A clustered FS should invoke the "shared_init_fs" cleancache - hook to get best performance for some backends. - -* Why not use the KVA of the inode as the key? (Christoph Hellwig) - -If cleancache would use the inode virtual address instead of -inode/filehandle, the pool id could be eliminated. But, this -won't work because cleancache retains pagecache data pages -persistently even when the inode has been pruned from the -inode unused list, and only invalidates the data page if the file -gets removed/truncated. So if cleancache used the inode kva, -there would be potential coherency issues if/when the inode -kva is reused for a different file. Alternately, if cleancache -invalidated the pages when the inode kva was freed, much of the value -of cleancache would be lost because the cache of pages in cleanache -is potentially much larger than the kernel pagecache and is most -useful if the pages survive inode cache removal. - -* Why is a global variable required? - -The cleancache_enabled flag is checked in all of the frequently-used -cleancache hooks. The alternative is a function call to check a static -variable. Since cleancache is enabled dynamically at runtime, systems -that don't enable cleancache would suffer thousands (possibly -tens-of-thousands) of unnecessary function calls per second. So the -global variable allows cleancache to be enabled by default at compile -time, but have insignificant performance impact when cleancache remains -disabled at runtime. - -* Does cleanache work with KVM? - -The memory model of KVM is sufficiently different that a cleancache -backend may have less value for KVM. This remains to be tested, -especially in an overcommitted system. - -* Does cleancache work in userspace? It sounds useful for - memory hungry caches like web browsers. (Jamie Lokier) - -No plans yet, though we agree it sounds useful, at least for -apps that bypass the page cache (e.g. O_DIRECT). - -Last updated: Dan Magenheimer, April 13 2011 diff --git a/Documentation/vm/frontswap.rst b/Documentation/vm/frontswap.rst index 1979f430c1c5..e2e5ab3e375e 100644 --- a/Documentation/vm/frontswap.rst +++ b/Documentation/vm/frontswap.rst @@ -8,12 +8,6 @@ Frontswap provides a "transcendent memory" interface for swap pages. In some environments, dramatic performance savings may be obtained because swapped pages are saved in RAM (or a RAM-like device) instead of a swap disk. -(Note, frontswap -- and :ref:`cleancache` (merged at 3.0) -- are the "frontends" -and the only necessary changes to the core kernel for transcendent memory; -all other supporting code -- the "backends" -- is implemented as drivers. -See the LWN.net article `Transcendent memory in a nutshell`_ -for a detailed overview of frontswap and related kernel parts) - .. _Transcendent memory in a nutshell: https://lwn.net/Articles/454795/ Frontswap is so named because it can be thought of as the opposite of @@ -87,11 +81,9 @@ This interface is ideal when data is transformed to a different form and size (such as with compression) or secretly moved (as might be useful for write-balancing for some RAM-like devices). Swap pages (and evicted page-cache pages) are a great use for this kind of slower-than-RAM- -but-much-faster-than-disk "pseudo-RAM device" and the frontswap (and -cleancache) interface to transcendent memory provides a nice way to read -and write -- and indirectly "name" -- the pages. +but-much-faster-than-disk "pseudo-RAM device". -Frontswap -- and cleancache -- with a fairly small impact on the kernel, +Frontswap with a fairly small impact on the kernel, provides a huge amount of flexibility for more dynamic, flexible RAM utilization in various system configurations: diff --git a/Documentation/vm/index.rst b/Documentation/vm/index.rst index 932440805453..44365c4574a3 100644 --- a/Documentation/vm/index.rst +++ b/Documentation/vm/index.rst @@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ algorithms. If you are looking for advice on simply allocating memory, see the active_mm arch_pgtable_helpers balance - cleancache damon/index free_page_reporting frontswap |